How to write a good-structured report

A report is a brief and specific summary of a research made on a topic, which can be an enterprise a small business an industry or whatever else needs to be reported. Being mostly needed for companies to know about different aspects of companys interests reports directly interact with practice and may involve the research on any specific issue. In academic sense reports are the practical assignments for students that give them a chance to see how the theoretical knowledge that they gained in college works in practice. This kind of work may be great aid for students in their future careers because they help get practical skills while still studying. This article may help students make good professional reports and structure them in the proper way. Reports are written in different fields but no matter what kind of report it is, it has to be structured and carefully planned. Of course there are always exceptions and any University or professor can have his specific details on structuring reports but in most cases all reports include: Title page It should contain the concrete topic, students name, ID, college name, course, date. Contents Brief outline of the report and its content. It gives the reader an ability to quickly understand what the report is all about and how it can be used. Abstract or Summary The most informative part of a report that includes the main ideas of the report, the conclusions made after writing and the adjustments recommended by author. It has to be written when the report is already done. Introduction Has to include the objectives of the report and the general background for writing report. Methodology The information about gathering data and making research has to be included here. The sources have to be specific and proved to be reliable. Results of findings The best way to provide large amounts of information in reports is through visual aids such as: charts, graphs, diagrams, pictures etc. Discussion Involves analyzing of the gathered information, outlining the most important issues and explaining their significance. 3Conclusion3 The part of the report that summarizes everything described in the body of a report and provides the recommendations regarding any problems found during research process. References References have to be listed in alphabetical order; data about every source has to be included (name of a book, author, data, and publisher). Appendices The materials somehow related to the report have to be included in this section. A good structured report also should be written in professional language, formal font (size 10-12), and be as easy to comprehend as possible. Always remember that report is not an essay and it should not include the thoughts and ideas not closely related to the topic. It has to be entirely devoted to the required subject and be good enough for anyone who has to read it. The reader wont need much time to browse through the chaotic structure that makes it confusing to understand. These guidelines may be helpful in writing your report and make it well structured and user friendly. Good luck in writing great REPORTS!!!

Book Report On The Booksports - 1605 Words

Chapter 5 How to Get Him to Stay in Love Now that you have attracted the man of your dreams, it is time to get him to stay in love with you. There are plenty of stories of people falling out of love for various reasons. This normally happens when two people don t agree with something, or when the equilibrium of the relationship is off in some kind of way. You have to ignite the fire back into your relationship by renewing it sometimes. Do things never done before and trying new stuff. Be innovative and creative. Take a vacation somewhere to breathe new life into your soul. Buy a videogame and and play it with him. Watch a football game or two with him. Read with him. Play sports with him. Just don t be boring or dull. This can make a†¦show more content†¦Do what s right. Make a list of the things he likes. The key is keeping him turned on. If a man want to lead, let him lead. If he wants to open the door for you, let him do so. It will make him feel good knowing that he s making you feel good. There s a popular son g by singer Ginuwine called Keep It Real . He talks about the woman being honest, telling the truth, and saying what s on her mind and heart. A man can respect a woman who keeps it real . Being real and honest is something a man can really appreciate and will travel to the ends of the earth to show you that honesty matters. Go Above and Beyond Cater to his needs. You don t have to become a slave or anything like that, but rather show the man that you have his best interest at heart. Men like to be pampered, so if you did this you will definitely get on his good side. You don t have to be a Ringling Bros. and Barnum Bailey Circus performer, just accentuate simple things that shows him you care. Understand what he likes and use this to please him. Go the extra miles. Be flexible and fun in a sense. Show him a little side of your humor. Let him feel comfortable being around you. It is great if he knows that he can open up to you. Also, be trusting. Show him that you trust him. Don t judge him, accept him for who he is. Comfort him during a time of need. Men like that too. If he s feeling bad about something learn how to cheer him up. Encourage him to talk about it

Technologies in Organizational Processes †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Technologies in Organizational Processes. Answer: Introduction Technology has brought so many changes in the world. Real tech is an organization that is specialized in developing and deployment of new technology and information systems. The main aim of this organization is to stay in present with latest trends and technology capabilities to provide outstanding services to the customers. It is the report which is going to make on the proposal of ERP application software in RealTech. It will cover the kinds of ERP software applications that offers integrate management to operate the business. One specific ERP software application will be chosen for the RealTech organization and its feature will be discussed. ERP stands for Enterprise Resource Planning which is considered as business process software that permit an organization to employ an integrated software applications to handle the business and other major functions regarding technology, services and human resources (Y?ld?z Y?ld?z, 2014). It enhances the business cycles and able to improve the reliability of data and provide upper level of services to the customers and partners. It is able to give visibility about real time into the key business metrics for effective decision making (Olson, Chae Sheu, 2013). It is an ERP software application which is friendly for users because it is easy to understand and help organization to take importance decision in the context of management solutions. It is a suite of open source application of business that facilitates companies to enhance its sales rapidly. It is helpful software application to organize marketing activities and boost productivity. Infor ERP system is able to keep the information about all departments. It collects and organizes data from all departments. It is able to accomplish the task of the organization within time frame. Comparison between software application Oracle E business suit Microsoft dynamics Odoo Infor ERP System It provides facility for making decision fast. It is fast and easy to understand. It is able to find the errors and fix the issues rapidly. It provides entire solution for different level of business. It is able to complete the task of centralizing time. The main advantages point of this software that it is cloud based and allows employees to work from anywhere. The process of this software is smooth process learning. It is able to handle the accounting department (Hall Wimmer, 2016). The advantages of Odoo are that it is smart and allows making customized solutions. Older own hosted version can be migrated easily in to ODOO cloud in very short span of time. It can collect data and organize in well manner from every department. The disadvantages of this software application are that the learning curve of this software is little high and it requires some cross referencing for the invoice in the Microsoft excel. The training program is required to understand the all functions regarding this software application. The initial set is complicated. Due to lots of features that are continuously growing. The behaviour of this application is quirky and terrible user interface. Selection of the most suitable ERP application software for RealTech There are description of various applications of ERP software has been made. The most suitable ERP software application for RealTech would be Dynamic ERP Software. It has been chosen for Real Tech because it has several features that are able to fulfill the demand and desire of the organization. Microsoft Dynamic is a line of integrated and flexible business management solutions that is able to make essential decisions with greater confidence. It is easy to understand and has many features which are required by the organization for its each department. It can decrease the risk intrinsic with executing a new solution. These solutions computerize and rationalize financial, supply chain processes and customer relationship in a way that can facilitates organization to drive business growth. It is the software which is used by number of companies to resolve the queries in efficient manner. It is able to provide support for not only one department but also all department of organization (Nwankpa, 2015). It would be helpful for the RealTech to handle the management in effect way and bring more innovations so that business can get success progressively. Other Microsoft programs can be used with Microsoft programs and services such as office 365, Yammer, Azure, Outlook and Share poin t. Benefit of Microsoft Dynamic software in RealTech organization It would be advantageous in the operations of RealTech. Dynamic is east to use and understand that is why it is adapted by many organization for the growth of the business. The integration of this software is easy with other products of Microsoft. RealTech does not require touching it frequently after configuration of software elements. It enhances the productivity of the employee progressively because it reduces the extra effort and save time effectively. It would allow company to do faster trouble shooting (Parr, Shanks Darke, 2011). It would be helpful for increasing the sales and customer services. It offers firm capabilities to manage the financial management and human resource. RealTech gets benefits from marketing as well because Microsoft dynamics is able to provide efficient functional support for manufacturing and distributing. It is highly configurable and it is able to provide the market solutions due to having vertical partners (Harris Schultz, 2016). As per case study , RealTech is facing issues regarding keeping information systems efficient and integrated. In the term of holistic ERP incorporates 5 functions such as finance, logistic, CRM, Human resources and manufacturing. It includes certain features such as sales force automation, marketing automation, real time information and dashboards. Sales force automation is a process that is able to offer an entire activity of 360 degree picture of the clients. It enhances the opportunities of sales and fulfills the order effectively. In the context of marketing automation, ERP integration is able to produce capable leads, rationalize sales process, and handle multi channel marketing promotion and make association between marketing and sales (Alcivar Abad, 2016). The proposed software for RealTech organization is able to monitor transaction in real time. Integration of ERP with supply chain management allows business of manufacturing and distribution so that RealTech could attain huge visibility into all operations and would be able to increase the sales and efficiency and speed by providing overall customer satisfaction. The integration of proposed ERP software with supply chain management improves productivity across multiple departments and working of RealTech within the supply chain. It would be able to improve the customer services for the purpose of enhancing the retention of customer and enhance the opportunities to get the order from same customers. Dynamic software would be able to reduce the operational cost and give opportunity to the RealTech to invest (Al-Ghofaili Al-Mashari, 2014). Integration with Accounting and finances Integration of ERP with accounting and finance improve the data accurateness and effectiveness by mechanize key process. With the help of Microsoft Dynamics, it would be able to reduce the cost and improve the productivity of the employee. Solution of the issues can be resolved hastily and easily with the help of Dynamic software (Xu, 2017). RealTech organization does not enquire to invest its time on certain issues for resolving. It has the capability of simulation which influence of posting to the general ledger prior to the actual update. It allows management of RealTech to response hastily to all measurements of key financial involving, inventory management, profit and loss, cost of sales and variances. Proposed software allows madmen to track information throughout the year. It would be helpful for the organization to maintain the attendance records with entire information such as absenteeism, half day and many more. Company cost can be modified and evaluated with the help of proposed software. The software integrated with human resource in the context of maintaining the records and reporting while information. It provides benefits such as enhance the insight of organization, store and access entire information regarding employee at one place, personalize role centers to speed productivity and able to give efficient online access on the portal of employee (Tectura, 2011). Conclusion It has been concluded that ERP software application is able to provide the efficient capability to the organization for managing the different department effectively. It is the report which is made on the RealTech organization and discussion has been made on various kind of ERP software such as Oracle E business suit Microsoft dynamics, Oddo and Infor ERP system. The proposed ERP software for RealTech organization was Microsoft Dynamics. It is the software which has lots of features such as it allows company to work faster by resolving the query hastily and it is easy to understand. The negative influence of this software is that it is little bit typical while setting up initially and training is required for understanding the program and function of this software. Although, it has negative aspect but once it got understood, it becomes easier to handle for the operation. References Alcivar, I., Abad, A. G. (2016). Design and evaluation of a gamified system for ERP training.Computers in Human Behavior,58, 109-118. Al-Ghofaili, A. A., Al-Mashari, M. A. (2014). ERP system adoption traditional ERP systems vs. cloud-based ERP systems. InInnovative Computing Technology (INTECH), 2014 Fourth International Conference on(pp. 135-139). IEEE. Hall, K. D., Wimmer, H. W. (2016). Integrating ERP and CRM into the University Curriculum with Microsoft Dynamics AX and CRM. InCelebrating Americas Pastimes: Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pie and Marketing?(pp. 89-98). Springer International Publishing. Harris, R., Schultz, T. (2016). Teaching ERP Implementation with Microsoft Dynamics Sure Step.Proceedings of DYNAA,7(1). Nwankpa, J. K. (2015). ERP system usage and benefit: A model of antecedents and outcomes.Computers in Human Behavior,45, 335-344. Olson, D. L., Chae, B. K., Sheu, C. (2013). Relative impact of different ERP forms on manufacturing organisations: an exploratory analysis of a global manufacturing survey.International Journal of Production Research,51(5), 1520-1534. Parr, A. N., Shanks, G., Darke, P. (2011). Identification of necessary factors for successful implementation of ERP systems. InNew information technologies in organizational processes(pp. 99-119). Springer US. Tectura, (2011). Microsoft Dynamics ERP. Retrived on September 30th, 2017 from: https://www.tectura.com.hk/webfiles/files/microsoft-dynamics-erp-transform-your-business-br.pdf. Xu, A. (2017). Integration of an ERP System:: a case study onintegration challenges with Microsoft Dynamics AX. Y?ld?z, A., Y?ld?z, D. (2014). Enterprice resource planning (ERP) software selection process with fuzzy TOPSIS method.Business and Economics Research Journal,5(1), 87-106.

The Mythical Man-Month, or how to create software systems Review Essay Example

The Mythical Man-Month, or how to create software systems Review Paper Essay on The Mythical Man-Month, or how to create software systems For more than 30 years have passed since the first edition of the legendary book by Frederick Brooks Mythical Man-Month . A little paraphrasing the author can say this: The Mythical Man-Month is a book, which is still considered to be in modern programming practice. Its readership beyond the community of developers programmers, it still generates the article, citations and letters, and not only software developers, but also lawyers, doctors, psychologists, sociologists. This book, written 30 years ago about the experience of developing programs that took place 40 years ago, remains relevant and even useful The reason is that history of mankind -. It is a play in which themes are constant scenarios change slowly the development of culture and the scenery changes constantly. Therefore, in the twentieth century, we find ourselves in Shakespeare, Homer and the Bible. Therefore, to the extent that MCH-M was written about people, it is aging slowly gt;. The author presents the material very colorful, juicy, generally absolutely there is no suggestion that you read the technical literature. And how relevant his thoughts! After all, we now love their profession for the same joy, we are sad by the same problems, our projects are also wallow in tar pits, we still remain the same optimistic and just wrong in their assessments, hopes that all will go well. We do also carry out its construction on the basis of pure thought , just shy in their assessments to the client and just as well read The Mythical Man-Month in an attempt to build some bridges across the swamp . We will write a custom essay sample on The Mythical Man-Month, or how to create software systems Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Mythical Man-Month, or how to create software systems Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Mythical Man-Month, or how to create software systems Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I do not want to give the whole list of quotes that impressed me, because they take a dozen pages. Read the book is very interesting also for the reason that in the pages of the author laid down a lot, which was only programming practice today. Thus, the author describes a self-documenting programs, which we will see later in the works of McConnell, Hunt and Thomas. He talks about the importance of the merger documentation and source files. This is exactly what Meyer says, and what we see in modern development environments. Brooks also raises questions about the complexity of software systems, which are derived from the nature of the software, as well as the model step by step development of software systems. These are the problems that subsequently repeatedly raise Booch, Rumbaugh, and Jacobson in his works. He was already talking about the need for continued refinement of requirements that the user will not be able, even if willing, to provide a complete and consistent requirement s, as well as the benefits of prototyping. This will later speak Shallouey Trott and many other authors. Of course, there are a sufficient number of archaisms. Still, much has changed in the software world during this time. But this does not annoying and frustrating, but on the contrary gives a certain special charm to reading. After all, just think, the book is based on the experience of developing programs that took place in the 60s, was written in the mid-70s, in Chapter 16, reprinted the article no silver bullet , dating from the mid-80s, the second edition was published in the middle 90, and now the second half of the next decade. Therefore, we can trace the history of the industry over the past 40 years! In general, the book made a lasting impression on me. And I recommend to everyone to read it. But not just read, in electronic form or over a bottle of beer at the TV just to tick that, they say, everything I read it and am proud to tell your friends about it. No, this book should be read in a quiet environment in a comfortable chair with a pencil behind his ear, and with a margin of two or three dozen tabs, because the amount of useful and interesting ideas on the line of text just rolls .

The Enormous Bronze Age Shang Dynasty Capital of Yin

The Enormous Bronze Age Shang Dynasty Capital of Yin Anyang is the name of a modern city in Henan Province of eastern China that contains the ruins of Yin, the massive capital city of the late Shang Dynasty (1554 -1045 BC). In 1899, hundreds of ornately carved tortoise shells and ox scapulas called oracle bones were found in Anyang. Full-scale excavations began in 1928, and since then, investigations by Chinese archaeologists have revealed nearly 25 square kilometers (~10 square miles) of the enormous capital city. Some of the English-language scientific literature refers to the ruins as Anyang, but its Shang Dynasty residents knew it as Yin. Founding Yin Yinxu (or the Ruins of Yin in Chinese) has been identified as the capital Yin described in Chinese records such as the Shi Ji, based on the inscribed oracle bones which (among other things) document the activities of the Shang royal house. Yin was founded as a small residential area on the south bank of the Huan River, a tributary of the Yellow River of central China. When it was founded, an earlier settlement called Huanbei (sometimes referred to as Huayuanzhuang) was located on the north side of the river. Huanbei was a Middle Shang settlement built around 1350 BC, and by 1250 covered an area of approximately 4.7 sq km (1.8 sq km), surrounded by a rectangular wall.​ An Urban City But in 1250 BC, Wu Ding, the 21st king of the Shang Dynasty {ruled 1250-1192 BC], made Yin his capital. Within 200 years, Yin had expanded into an enormous urban center, with an estimated population of somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 people. The ruins include more than 100 pounded earth palace foundations, numerous residential neighborhoods, workshops and production areas, and cemeteries. The urban core of Yinxu is the palace-temple district at the core called Xiaotun, covering approximately 70 hectares (170 acres) and located at a bend in the river: it may have been separated from the rest of the city by a ditch. More than 50 rammed earth foundations were found here in the 1930s, representing several clusters of buildings which had been built and rebuilt during the citys use. Xiaotun had an elite residential quarter, administrative buildings, altars, and an ancestral temple. Most of the 50,000 oracle bones were found in pits in Xiaotun, and there were also numerous sacrificial pits containing human skeletons, animals, and chariots. Residential Workshops Yinxu is broken into several specialized workshop areas that contain evidence of jade artifact production, the bronze casting of tools and vessels, pottery making, and bone and turtle shell working. Multiple, massive bone and bronze working areas have been discovered, organized into a network of workshops that were under the control of a hierarchical lineage of families. Specialized neighborhoods in the city included Xiamintun and Miaopu, where bronze casting took place; Beixinzhuang where bone objects were processed; and Liujiazhuang North where serving and storage pottery vessels were made. These areas were both residential and industrial: for example, Liujiazhuang contained ceramic production debris and kilns, interspersed with rammed-earth house foundations, burials, cisterns, and other residential features. A major road led from Liujiazhuang to the Xiaotun palace-temple district. Liujiazhuang was likely a lineage-based settlement; its clan name was found inscribed on a bronze seal and bronze vessels in an associated cemetery. Death and Ritual Violence at Yinxu Thousands of tombs and pits containing human remains have been found at Yinxu, from massive, elaborate royal burials, aristocratic graves, common graves, and bodies or body parts in sacrificial pits. Ritual mass killings particularly associated with royalty were a common part of Late Shang society. From the oracle bone records, during Yins 200-year occupation more than 13,000 humans and many more animals were sacrificed. There were two types of state-supported human sacrifice documented in the oracle bone records found at Yinxu. Renxun or human companions referred to family members or servants killed as retainers at the death of an elite individual. They were often buried with elite goods in individual coffins or group tombs. Rensheng or human offerings were massive groups of people, often mutilated and decapitated, buried in large groups for the most part lacking grave goods. Rensheng and Renxun Archaeological evidence for human sacrifice at Yinxu is found in pits and tombs found across the entire city. In residential areas, sacrificial pits are small in scale, mostly animal remains with human sacrifices relatively rare, most with only one to three victims per event, although occasionally they had as many as 12. Those discovered at the royal cemetery or in the palace-temple complex have included up to several hundred human sacrifices at once. Rensheng sacrifices were made up of outsiders, and are reported in the oracle bones to have come from at least 13 different enemy groups. Over half of the sacrifices were said to have come from Qiang, and the largest groups of human sacrifices reported on the oracle bones always included some Qiang people. The term Qiang may have been a category of enemies located west of Yin rather than a particular group; little grave goods have been found with the burials. Systematic osteological analysis of the sacrifices has not been completed as of yet, but stable isotope studies among and between sacrificial victims were reported by bioarchaeologist Christina Cheung and colleagues in 2017; they found that the victims were indeed nonlocals. It is possible that rensheng sacrifice victims may have been slaves before their deaths; oracle bone inscriptions document the enslavement of the Qiang people and chronicling their involvement in productive labor. Inscriptions and Understanding Anyang Over 50,000 inscribed oracle bones and several dozen bronze-vessel inscriptions dated to the Late Shang period (1220-1050 BC) have been recovered from Yinxu. These documents, together with later, secondary texts, were used by British archaeologist Roderick Campbell to document in detail the political network at Yin. Yin was, like most Bronze Age cities in China, a kings city, built to the order of the king as a created center of political and religious activity. Its core was a royal cemetery and palace-temple area. The king was the lineage leader, and responsible for leading rituals involving his ancient ancestors and other living relations in his clan. In addition to reporting political events such as the numbers of sacrificial victims and to whom they were dedicated, the oracle bones report the kings personal and state concerns, from a toothache to crop failures to divination. Inscriptions also refer to schools at Yin, perhaps places for literacy training, or perhaps where trainees were taught to maintain divination records. Bronze Technology The Late Shang dynasty was at the apex of bronze making technology in China. The process used high-quality molds and cores, which were pre-cast to prevent shrinkage and breaking during the process. The molds were made of a fairly low percentage of clay and an accordingly high percentage of sand, and they were fired before use to produce a high resistance to thermal shock, low thermal conductivity, and a high porosity for adequate ventilation during casting. Several large bronze foundry sites have been found. The largest identified to date is the Xiaomintun site, covering a total area of over 5 ha (12 ac), up to 4 ha (10 ac) of which have been excavated. Archaeology in Anyang To date, there have been 15 seasons of excavations by Chinese authorities since 1928, including the Academia Sinica, and its successors the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. A joint Chinese-American project conducted excavations at Huanbei in the 1990s. Yinxu was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006. Sources Campbell Roderick  B, Li Z, He Y, and Jing Y. 2011. Consumption, exchange and production at the Great Settlement Shang: bone-working at Tiesanlu, Anyang. Antiquity 85(330):1279-1297.Cheung C, Jing Z, Tang J, Weston DA, and Richards MP. 2017. Diets, social roles, and geographical origins of sacrificial victims at the royal cemetery at Yinxu, Shang China: New evidence from stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 48:28-45.Flad R. 2016. Urbanism as technology in early China. Archaeological Research in Asia 2016/09/29.Jin ZY, Wu YJ, Fan AC, Yue ZW, Li G, Li SH, and Yan LF. 2015. Luminescence study of the initial, pre-casting firing temperatures of clay mould and core used for bronze casting at Yinxu (13c. BC~11c. BC). Quaternary Geochronology 30:374-380.Smith AT. 2010. The evidence for scribal training at Anyang. In: Li F, and Prager Banner D, editors. Writing and Literacy in Early China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p 172 -208. Sun W-D, Zhang L-P, Guo J, Li C-Y, Jiang Y-H, Zartman RE, and Zhang Z-F. 2016. Origin of the mysterious Yin-Shang bronzes in China indicated by lead isotopes. Scientific Reports 6:23304.Wei S, Song G, and He Y. 2015. The identification of binding agent used in late Shang Dynasty turquoise-inlayed bronze objects excavated in Anyang. Journal of Archaeological Science 59:211-218.Zhang H, Merrett DC, Jing Z, Tang J, He Y, Yue H, Yue Z, and Yang DY. 2016. Osteoarchaeological Studies of Human Systemic Stress of Early Urbanization in Late Shang at Anyang, China. PLOS ONE 11(4):e0151854.Zhang H, Merrett DC, Jing Z, Tang J, He Y, Yue H, Yue Z, and Yang DY. 2017. Osteoarthritis, labour division, and occupational specialization of the Late Shang China - insights from Yinxu (ca. 1250-1046 B.C.). PLOS ONE 12(5):e0176329.

Free Essays on Technology And Cars

In a world that is always changing, the vehicle is changing right along with it. Advances like four-wheel drive, safety, and personal amenities have gone from nothing to everything. These technological advances have not just happened overnight. It took many years of trial and error to figure out exactly what the customer wants. Four-wheel drive was probably the first major advance in vehicles. Before where vehicles would bog down and could only be pulled out, when stuck, now could be locked into four-wheel drive and possibly eased out of the situation without being pulled. The first vehicle that used four-wheel drive had locking hubs. Locking hubs had to be manually turned on, this involved the driver having to get out and turn the hubs to the locked position on the front two wheels. With technological advances this chore is now automatic in most cases. Some vehicles still have the manual hubs. It is as easy as pushing a button in today’s four-wheel drives to get the performance that was once a sometimes difficult task. One of the most important aspects of a vehicle today is the safety features. Seatbelts, airbags, reinforced frames, safety glass, and automatic gasoline shutoff valves are just a few of the many features that technology has brought to the vehicle. All of these features are key elements to the overall safety of the vehicle. One of these features that I find the most interesting is the automatic gasoline shut off valve. In the case of a accident, if the vehicle is damaged enough the gas will be shut off from the engine. This feature prevents gas from continuing to pump into the engine and in most cases prevents gas from leaking onto the ground. The combination of keeping extra gas out can prevent an explosion. The first vehicle consisted of a, somewhat, seat, steering wheel, and four tires. This was the only way you could get the vehicle and in only one color. Today advances in technology have made... Free Essays on Technology And Cars Free Essays on Technology And Cars In a world that is always changing, the vehicle is changing right along with it. Advances like four-wheel drive, safety, and personal amenities have gone from nothing to everything. These technological advances have not just happened overnight. It took many years of trial and error to figure out exactly what the customer wants. Four-wheel drive was probably the first major advance in vehicles. Before where vehicles would bog down and could only be pulled out, when stuck, now could be locked into four-wheel drive and possibly eased out of the situation without being pulled. The first vehicle that used four-wheel drive had locking hubs. Locking hubs had to be manually turned on, this involved the driver having to get out and turn the hubs to the locked position on the front two wheels. With technological advances this chore is now automatic in most cases. Some vehicles still have the manual hubs. It is as easy as pushing a button in today’s four-wheel drives to get the performance that was once a sometimes difficult task. One of the most important aspects of a vehicle today is the safety features. Seatbelts, airbags, reinforced frames, safety glass, and automatic gasoline shutoff valves are just a few of the many features that technology has brought to the vehicle. All of these features are key elements to the overall safety of the vehicle. One of these features that I find the most interesting is the automatic gasoline shut off valve. In the case of a accident, if the vehicle is damaged enough the gas will be shut off from the engine. This feature prevents gas from continuing to pump into the engine and in most cases prevents gas from leaking onto the ground. The combination of keeping extra gas out can prevent an explosion. The first vehicle consisted of a, somewhat, seat, steering wheel, and four tires. This was the only way you could get the vehicle and in only one color. Today advances in technology have made...

Why is New Mexico poor and what should be done about it Research Paper

Why is New Mexico poor and what should be done about it - Research Paper Example A very small part of Oklahoma also touches New Mexico in the east. Colorado is in the north of the state and Arizona is in its west. Republic of Mexico borders some parts of New Mexico in its south (Simmons 1-2). Historical Outlook The history of New Mexico is just like an adventure story. Thousands years ago, Indians were the first who settled there and developed their traditional way of living in the area. Next to Indians, Spaniards arrived and started living there with their own way of life. They had different set of ideas and customs as compared to Indians. In a short, it can be well said that Spaniards created a style of living and government on the footing of Europeans. Later on, Americans invaded the area and conquered the territory of New Mexico. Americans introduced their own way of living. So, through history it can be judged that several nations came over the territory of New Mexico leaving behind the life style of the people blended and more complex (Simmons 1-2). Economi cal Conditions of the Region Before enclosing the reasons of poverty in New Mexico, it is significant to have a look on the economic conditions of the region in general. New Mexico is most often described a very poor state among all other states of America. This description is correct if studied in the light of the average capital assets/ possessions of the total population. However, the natural as well as human resources of the state are far better as compared to average property count of the population. Over past few decades, the per capita personal earnings have remained constant. In the year of 1978, among 50 states of America, New Mexico ranked 43rd as far as comparative analysis of state per capita earnings were concerned. However, this figure lowers down from late 1970s onward. In 1990s, the per capita personal income allows the state to rank at 48th among 50 states of America. Later on, in 2000, this figure further goes down and New Mexico ranked 49th as far as per capita pe rsonal income is concerned. At that time, New Mexico was just above the state of Mississippi. In 2003, local estimates and statistics revealed that the ranking of New Mexico had raised to some extent, however, the Census Bureau still ranked the state of New Mexico at 49th. In 2004, Census Bureau also concluded that the wages paid to the workers were also the lowest with a great number of economically poor and depressed citizens as compared to any other state of America. The countries of Guadalupe, Mora and McKinley are at the lowest end of poverty and at the bottom of socio-economic scale in the region of New Mexico. These countries are mostly dominated with Indian and Hispanic populations. Being the poorer state in America, New Mexico always receives more shares from federal government as compared to what it contributes in the national income. In 1988, this state ranked second in terms of federal aid it received. However, in 2002, the conditions were bit changed and got some improv ements and New Mexico ranked fifth among the top aid receiving states. In addition, the people of New Mexico are taxed at a very high rate. Tax rate per capita is very high in the region when compared to their personal incomes. In 1987, the state of New Mexico ranked fifth among all other nations in percentage of the personal income of people paid for government fees and other taxes. In 2004, the state ranked eighteenth as far as the tax payment is concerned. However, tax collection does not produce fruitful results on the economy as the wages of the residents are very low. Revenue generated from taxes is not enough to cope with the economic pressures of the area- in order to minimize the federal assistance which is proved to be an imperative

Holdsworth's English Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Holdsworth's English Law - Essay Example In his opinion, Holmes perceives that humans are only obedient to the law because it is what is presented to them by the world and that they obtain results fancied as desirable. While obeying the law, humans tend to ignore the fact that their search for desirable ideas results comes at a high cost those results in bills that are relatively obscure. Holmes’ thought is that even in the present day and age, inventing a different code for humans would result in men who are well off compared to their situations today. However, the worst part is that as of now, humans would be reluctant to adopt codes of life that differ from what they consider to be the norm. Such human attitude could be due to the naivetà © with which principles are eternalized based on social prejudices. Eternalized principles in humans then result in beliefs and want which are reinforced by the laws of imitation. Consequently, until humans are presented with reasons strong enough to change, they remain resistan t and conservative and need no more justification than appetite. Instead of following what they want, the human is expected to and always feel obliged to follow rules since no little doubt makes it inevitable to follow the rule by the courts. In summary, Holmes argues without their conservative nature and internalization of life principles, humans are subject to living a better life that does not bind them to high evitable bills. In my opinion, humans have been subjected to the law since time in memory and from one generation to the other, the law has been internalized as the only means to desirable results. Consequently, humans are reluctant to dare live life without laws or under the guidance of different laws. Humans have grown to remain conservatisms of the law hence always react to change in those laws with great resistance.  Ã‚  

Adolf Hitler Conspiracies Essay Example for Free

Adolf Hitler Conspiracies Essay Did Adolph Hitler really commit suicide on April 30, 1945? Hitler is believed to have poisoned and shot himself along with his newlywed wife, Eva Braun, on April 30, 1945 while in an underground bunker in Berlin. Then, Hitler and his wife’s body were burned outside the bunker. However, many questioned whether this really happened so they have conspiracies on Hitler’s death. Three main conspiracies that really challenge Hitler’s suicide are that the skull found in the bunker did not belong to him, no shots were heard by bystanders in the bunker, and he had an imposter kill himself. So Hitler’s death may have been a hoax due to the evidence from several sources, showing that Hitler may have never committed suicide in that bunker and he had escaped from Germany. The skull that was believed to be Hitler’s, which was taken by the Russian army and preserved by Soviet intelligence, is now proven by DNA analysis to be of a woman under 40 years old. The bodies of Hitler and Eva Braun, Hitler’s wife, after they died, were said to have been wrapped in blankets and carried to the â€Å"garden outside the bunker, placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol and set ablaze† (Fresh Doubts over Hitlers Death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  3). However, Stalin, who was suspicious about Hitler’s fate, had the Russian forensics team dig up Hitler’s body, but a part of the skull was missing. The Russians eventually found the other fragment to make ensure Hitler’s death. However, American researchers were finally able to examine the skull fragment after it had been under strict possession of the Soviets. The researchers found out the skull fragment belonged to a women under 40 years old because in their DNA analysis of the skull they found that â€Å"the bone seemed very thin; male bone tends to be more robust. Also the sutures where the skull plates come together seemed to correspond to someone under 40† (Fresh Doubts over Hitlers Death†¦Ã¢â‚¬  2). But Hitler was 56 in April 1945 so the skull could not have belonged to him. Braun was believed to have been killed as well so the skull fragment could belong to her and she was 33 years old when she died. Overall, Hitler’s suicide has been greatly challenged by this astonishing discovery about the skull fragment believed to be Hitler’s. Skull Fragment Believed to Belong to a Woman, not Hitler (Fresh Doubts over Hitlers Death..† 1) Nobody actually saw Hitler shoot himself on April 30, 1945. The guards near the bunker claimed they heard nothing, but many of them withdrew their claims because they said Allied interrogators pressured them into saying that. Also some people who claimed to have heard the shot weren’t even there. Otto Gunsche, Hitler’s SS adjutant, claimed to have been in the conference room with Nazi Party Secretary Martin Bormann and Propagnda Minister Josef Gobbels when he heard the shot, and then he claimed they â€Å"rushed to the anteroom with Gobbels in lead† (Adolf Hitler Death and Survival Myths 2). However, Rattenhuber, commander of Hitler’s SS guards claimed that Gunsche was already in the anteroom when he arrived. So Gunsche could’ve helped Hitler escape from the bunker without anyone else knowing. Also Hitler’s chauffeur Erich Kempka and former Reich Youth leader Artur Axmann claimed that they saw a body being carried out of the bunker â€Å"which was wrapped in blanket and was dressed in Hitler’s trousers, shoes and socks†, but they didn’t get a valid identification of Hitler. If no one actually physically saw or heard Hitler shoot himself, how do they know he really shot himself ? Layout of Hitler’s Bunker (Navona Numismatics..† 1) Most of the conspiracies on Hitler’s death have to do with him having a double. Around 2 P.M on April 30, 1945, Hitler had a strange conversation with his personal pilot, Hans Baur. Baur begged Hitler to escape to Argentina, to Japan, or to an Arab country, but Hitler responded â€Å"I am ending my earthly stay.† (Adolf Hitler Death and Survival Myths 2). Notice Hitler said â€Å"earthly stay† instead of â€Å"life† which implies that Hitler was no longer going to be on Earth or that he was planning some sort of escape. Between 2:30 P.M and 3 P.M, Gunsche made a phone call to Kempka and asked him for two hundred liters of gasoline to be at the entrance of the Fuhrerbunker. Notice that Hitler did not make the phone. Could this have meant Hitler had already escaped and his double filled in his place? The Russian’s photo of Hitler’s corpse was indeed not Hitler, it was his double, or Doppelganger, Gustav Weber , who was executed with a gunshot to the forehead, and it’s obvious that it’s not Hitler because Hitler shot himself in the temple. Russian photo of â€Å"Hitler Corpse† (Adolf Hitler Death and Survival Myths 4). Adolf Hitler’s suicide on April 30, 1945 has been challenged by these three conspiracies: the skull found in the bunker did not belong to him, no shots were heard by bystanders in the bunker, and he had an imposter kill himself. In the first conspiracy, researchers were able to examine the skull that was believed to belong to Hitler, but after a DNA analysis of the skull, they found out that the skull belonged to a female under the age of 40 due to its thickness and structure. Then in the second conspiracy, Hitler’s bodygurads and comrades who were in the bunker with him claim to have never saw or heard the gunshot from Hitler’s suicide. In the final conspiracy, Hitler was believed to have a double take his place and commit suicide while he escaped out of the bunker. All three of the conspiracies have valid and credible evidence so if they are true, then Adolf Hitler may have indeed faked his death and escaped from Germany on April 30, 1945.

Comparison Of Mary Shellys Frankenstein To Movies And Tv Shows Frank :: essays research papers

Comparison Of Mary Shelly's Frankenstein to Movies and TV Show's Frankenstein There have been many misgivings about the book Frankenstein. In movies and T.V. Frankenstein is portrayed as a monster. This monster will not stop at anything to hurt or destroy others. He usually has a green hue to his complection and has bolts coming out the sides of his neck. The bolts symbolize the way the monster was brought to life, through electricity. Also he usually wears a black suit with black pants. This shows the darkness that surrounded the monster. In most of the movies and T.V. shows, Frankenstein walks like a zombie moving very slowly. In T.V. shows and movies, Frankenstein was portrayed as being very stupid. He was unable to talk or read. The monster would just rome the world looking for people to torment. But, in the movie "Frankenstein, with Boris Karloff, the monster befriended a blind man. I think he had this friend because the man could not see the face of the monster. Mary Shelly's Frankenstein was very different from the movies and T.V. shows. For one thing the monster was not even called Frankenstein. Victor Frankenstein was the name of the doctor who created the monstrosity. Before the doctor created the monster he was a work of art. "I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful!," this is what Victor said when he saw the monster before it was alive. Afterwards it was the ugliest thing the doctor had laid his eyes upon. Unlike the movies, the monster was very nimble and could do anything an actual living human could. The monster chased after Victor in the wastelands to exact his revenge for his being. Nobody would love or care for him so he decided to kill Victor as an act of revenge. The intellect of the monster was much greater in the story than in all the T.V. shows and movies. He was able to read books and talk like any other human. The monster composed poetry which was very beautiful.

Introduction to Сommunication in Health and Social Care

Identify different reasons why people communicatePeople communicate for different reasons. To portray their feelings, opinions, emotions, pain. To express needs, share ideas and information People can communicate verbally by talking or writing. Or even by body language / sign language. Communications can be used to bring out changes in attitudes, motivate people and to create and maintain relationships. Communication is vital for providing and seeking information, and it is also crucial for developing positive relationships with people. Communication is important to understand and be understoodExplain how affective communication affects all aspects of own workEffective communication is important as it ensures that information is clear, accurate, non-judgemental and informative. This helps to reduce the possibility of mistakes being made. It ensures appropriate care service delivery. It is important to communicate with your colleagues, so that all targets and outcomes are met.Effectiv e communication is important so that yourself and the service user fully understand eachother. This includes using words, feedback, action, body language and gestures. With effective communication service users and family will enjoy the services provided.Explain why it is important to observe an individual reactions when communicating with themAll communication has an effect on the person that you are communicating with. Interactions a two way process, it is important to watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with. In order to be effective in care and supporting service users you have to be a good communicator whether this is through speaking, body language, facial expressions or gestures.Sometimes you are able to communicate with others without having to use words. When communicating face to face the other person may not always indicate verbally that they understand, or if they agree. Observing body language is very important as it helps the speaker unde rstand if the other person agrees or understands etc.Find out an individual's communication and language needs, wishes and preferencesEffective communication happens when the right method is used to send a message so it can be received and understood. Care workers need to know about a range of communication methods. They should also be skilled at identifying the communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of the people with whom they work and interact. Service users can be people from a diverse range of backgrounds who will want to communicate in different ways. Finding out about each individual’s language needs, wishes and preferences is an important part of your role.You can do this by:Asking people whether they or their relatives have particular language or communication needs.Referring to the Service users Care PlanReading reports and notes about service users that provide information on speech and language issues, learning difficulties, disabilities e.g. (he aring or visual impairment) or physical conditions (e.g. stroke, cleft palate) that may affect their ability to communicate.Being aware that an individual’s culture, ethnicity and   nationality may affect their language preferences and needs.Observing the people who use your setting to see how they use their communication and language skills.Asking your supervisor/mentor, senior staff and specialist professionals such as speech and language therapists, occupational therapists and social workers for information, advice and support about how best to communicate with adults who have special communication needs.Show how and when to seek advice about communication.There may be situations in which you feel unsure about how you should  communicate with a service user or another person in your work setting. In some situations you will be aware that you are struggling to communicate effectively with somebody. In situations like these, you should seek advice and obtain support.You can do this by: talking to your supervisor, mentor or line manager about the difficulty, You can ask for their advice about how to deal with the problem, You can also speak with the communication or language support specialists (teachers, psychologists or speech and language therapists). Your goal is always to ensure that the messages you send can be received and understood. To achieve this you may sometimes need to change or adapt the form of communication that meets each individual’s needs, wishes and preferences.Identify  barriers to communicationTo identify the barriers to communication, the sender and receiver of the message need to consider several factors.Sensory DeprivationWhen someone speaks a different language or uses sign language, they may not be able to make any sense of information they are being given by someone trying to help them if that person does not speak their language.JargonWhen a service provider uses technical language the service user may not unde rstand. For example – The doctor may say that a patient needs bloods or an MRI scan. That can sound very frightening to someone who has been rushed into hospital. It is better if the doctor explains that they need to take some blood to do dome simple tests and then explains what an MRI scan is. Understanding the facts can make something seem less scary.SlangWhen a service user uses language that not everyone uses, such as saying they have a problem with their waterworks. This can mean their plumbing system. But also means a problem going to the toilet. Sometimes it may be appropriate to use slang with your peers, but whilst working with colleagues or service users you should avoid using any language that can be misunderstood, misinterpreted or may cause offence.Emotional difficultiesWe all have emotional difficulties at times and become upset, you might of split up with your boyfriend / girlfriend or had an argument, or you could have had some bad news. The effect can be not to hear or understand what people are saying to you. This can lead to misunderstandings.Health IssuesWhen you are feeling unwell, you may not be able to communicate as effectively as when you are feeling well. This can affect your colleagues and service users. Similarly, people who are being cared for in hospital because of an illness may not be able to communicate in their normal way. Some long term ‘chronic' illnesses such as Parkinson’s disease or multiple sclerosis also affect an individual’s ability to communicate and you need to be aware of this if you are working with these people.Environmental problemsWhen communication is affected by the environment that people find themselves in. For example – Someone who does not see very well will struggle to read written information in a dimly lit room. A person who is in a wheelchair may find it impossible to communicate with the receptionist at the dentist if the desk is too high and above the wheelchair use rs head. Identify sources of information and support or services to enable more effective communicationTranslation servicesThis service can help with changing the written text from language to another.Interpreting servicesThis service can help with converting spoken language to another language.Speech and language servicesSupport people who have had a stroke and have problems with their speech.Advocacy servicesThis service can support people who are unable to speak up for themselves. This service trys to understand the needs, wishes and preferences of people, and will argue on their behalf.Sometimes you will need to find specialist advice because a person’s communication needs are too complex for you to deal with alone. Someone who has an illness that affects their ability to produce sounds or control their neck and facial muscles may need to speak using a piece of assistive technology. For these type of issues, you will need the advice of a speech and language therapist who is an expe rt and will be able to advise on and kind of specialised communication needs.Explain the term confidentialityConfidentiality means not sharing information about individuals without their knowledge and agreement and ensuring that written and electronic information cannot be accessed or read by people who have no reason to see it. Confidentiality is important because: People may not trust a support worker who does not keep information confidential People may not feel valued or able to keep their self esteem if their private details are shared with others Peoples safety may be put at risk if details of their property and habits are shared publiclyA professional service that maintains respect for individuals must keep private information confidential. There are legal requirements under the data protection act 1998 to keep professional requirements laid down by the regulators that make it the duty of professionals to keep information confidential.Describe situations where information nor mally considered to be confidential might need to be passed on.Sometimes confidential information disclosed by a service user may need to be passed on to others if there is a risk of danger or harm to the service user or other people, if abuse is suspected, or if there is suspected misconduct of a colleague, in respect of care of a service user (whistle blowing) You must inform the service user why the information needs to be passed on to others, and that it is your responsibility to do so.Explain how and when to seek advice about confidentialityIt is very important as a care worker that you understand when to seek advice about confidentiality. Confidentiality is essential in care work to improve trust and working relationships between the service users and their carers. Certain information is however shared amongst teams if it is needed to effectively support service users and others involved in their care. Take for example when there is a prospect of danger or harm to the service user, staff or members of the public.Additionally if abuse is suspected within the home or seen anywhere or if there is a misconduct of a staff. It is the responsibility to the supervisors or the appropriate bodies to take appropriate actions. In most cases organisations have whistle blowing policies to guide and protect staff from victimisation after blowing the whistle and also to guide them on how to break confidentiality.

Pierre Bourdieu and Social Construction of Reality Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Berger and Luckmann in their book, Social Construction of Reality did not only seriously dealt with several sociological themes, they also attempted to found a new idea of the ‘sociology of knowledge’. They provided an introduction to Schutz and social phenomenology and established a theoretical background for later works, especially in the fields of sociology of religion and industrialization. However, the most daring presentation of the authors in this book was the consolidation of the two major theoretical postures in the study of the man and his society: objectivism and subjectivism to arrive at a new sociology of knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The social construction of reality entails the first major effort at detailing the interrelation and dynamic relationship between man and his society, a field hitherto polarized by the antithetical stances of the objectivist and subjectivist schools of thought. While on the one hand, objectivism holds that individual’s perception of reality is defined by the forces of the society imposed upon the individual, notwithstanding his consciousness or will, in this respect, social facts are seen as things that determine the conduct and representations of individuals; in contrast, subjectivism, in line with Max Weber reasoning, holds that â€Å"the object of cognition is the subjective meaning complex of action† (quoted in Berger & Luckmann, 1966). Berger and Luckmann posited that both stances should not be seen as contradictory or mutually exclusive. They explain that both understandings come into play in the construction of social reality. Their position is aptly conveyed in the statement ‘Society is a human product. Society is an objective reality. Man is a social product.’   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although, Berger and Luckmann are renowned for their work in this field, Pierre Bourdieu can be regarded as the most prolific author on the subject of social reality. His work on the understanding of social reality is wide, diverse and at the same time convergent. The purpose of this paper is to examine Berger and Luckmann’s ‘social construction of reality’ from a Bourdieu perspective, to determine if Bourdieu strengthens and expands Berger and Luckmann’s theory of social reality or addresses the topic from a different theoretical position.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Berger and Luckmann on Social Construction of Reality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Berger and Luckmann, albeit man and his society both take the position of product and producer interchangeably, the relationship between the two is not causal, mechanistic or unidirectional, it is, according to them, dialectic. Dialectic, in the sense that social reality is defined by the unending relationship between man and his society. In explanating this theory, the author took recourse to the conceptual arsenals of habitualisation, Externalisation, typification, Objectivation, institutionalisation, and legitimation. These concepts effectively describe how society, which was the product of man, became the producer of man. The basic understanding that runs through these concepts is that the society is the product or ongoing product of man, however, through internalisation of the norms of the produced society, as it is passed from one generation to the other, actions and perceptions of reality become limited and restrained by these societal norms, until they become established as facts that defines realities. The next question that will seek our attention is how does man produces the society and in turn, man becomes the product of the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From Berger and Luckmann viewpoint, habitualisation is the first step in the creation of the society. They assert that actions frequently repeated become cast into a pattern. That is, as individuals act, they organise perceptions and actions into a coherent pattern that can be reproduced with minimal efforts, thus such pattern of actions have been habitualised. Albeit, habitualised actions still retain their individual meanings and character, they are lost over time, as the meanings become embedded in the individual’s general stock of knowledge and thus taken for granted in present and future projects. The authors suggest that habitualisation holds positive advantages for an individual. For one, it frees the individual from the burden of choice, for while there might be a hundred ways of carrying out a project, habitualisation narrows these down to one and thus providing a background in which human activities may be carried out with minimal decision making. Furthermore, the meanings embedded meanings of habitualised activities makes it unnecessary for every situation to be defined individually, since complex and diverse situations can be subsumed under habitualised predefinitions, such that activities can be anticipated and alternatives assigned standard weights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Habitualisation precedes and gives birth to institutionalisation. According to Berger and Luckmann, â€Å"Institutionalisation occurs whenever there is a reciprocal typification of habitualised actions by types of actors†, though what should be stressed is the â€Å"reciprocity of institutional typifications and the typicality of not only the actions but also the actors in institutions.† Furthering this argument, they suggest that typification of habitualised actions that build up institutions are always shared habitualisations that are available to the members of a particular social group, though not only individual actions, but also the actors are typified in such institutions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, institunalisation is effected through history. The authors contend that the reciprocal typification actions that constitute institutions are built up in the course of a shared history. They stress that â€Å"They cannot be created instantaneously. Institutions always have a history, of which they are the products. It is impossible to understand an institution adequately without an understanding of the historical process in which it was produced† (Berger and Luckmann, 1966 p.54). Moreover, it was emphasised that institutions generally manifest in collectivities with considerable number of people and by their very existence, control and define human conducts by setting up predefined patterns of conducts, which channels individual actions in a particular direction, as against the numerous directions that is possible theoretically. To adequately conceptualise how society is created through habitualisation and institunalisation and how these come to define human actions and perceptions, the authors created an imaginary situation of a society created by the interaction between two individuals A and B thus: â€Å"[If] A and B alone are responsible for having constructed this world. A and B remain capable of changing or abolishing it. What is more, since they themselves have shaped this world in the course of a shared biography which they can remember, the world thus shaped appears fully transparent to them. They understand the world that they themselves have made. All this changes in the process of transmission to the new generation. The objectivity of the institutional world â€Å"thickens† and â€Å"hardens,† not only for the children, but (by a mirror effect) for the parents as well. The â€Å"There we go again† now becomes â€Å"This is how these things are done.† A world so regarded attains a firmness in consciousness; it becomes real in an ever more massive way and it can no longer be changed so readily. For the children, especially in the early phase of their socialization into it, it becomes the world. For the parents, it loses its playful quality and becomes â€Å"serious.† For the children, the parentally transmitted world is not fully transparent. Since they had no part in shaping it, it confronts them as a given reality that, like nature, is opaque in places at least† (Berger and Luckmann, 1966 p.59)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the example above, the child becomes incapable of distinguishing between the objectivity of the natural world and the objectivity of ‘social formations’. Using the language as an example, a thing is what it is called; the child is incapable of comprehension beyond this level. It is argued that it is only at this stage that we can now speak of a social world, in a complete sense. This is the period when individuals now come to see societal realities like the facts of the natural world, and it is in this manner that social formations transmitted from one generation to the other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pierre Bourdieu on Social Reality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bourdieu, undeniably offered a more extensive treatise on social knowledge and social realities, however, the underlying ideology that unifies the work of Berger and Luckmann, and Bourdieu is that bought works seek to reconcile the differences and so doing merge the subjective and objective conceptions in sociology. Both works suggest that the differences and antimony between the â€Å"structuralist† view of the society that seeks out â€Å"invisible relational patterns operating† behind the control of individuals and the â€Å"constructivist† viewpoint â€Å"that probes the commonsense perceptions and actions of the individual† (Wacquant, 2006 p.6) are artificial and unnecessary, and thus sought to reconcile both approaches to studying the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In line with Berger and Luckmann contention, Bourdieu too believes that the society is the product of man’s habituated actions and that the externalisations of these habituations reinforce the objectivity of societal realities. However, Bourdieu deploys more extensive conceptual models to explain his contention, thus, he did not only strengthened Berger and Luckmann’s understandings of social knowledge, he further expands the reach of their theory. The conceptual arsenals deployed by Bourdieu in explaining social knowledge and social reality include the notions of habitus, capital, field, and doxa. These are intertwined and interrelated in a dynamic fashion, so that each fully explains social knowledge only in relation with the others. Thus a brief examination of these concepts is pertinent in highlighting Bourdieu stance on social knowledge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Habitus, though considered an old philosophical notion originating in the thoughts of Aristotle, was retrieved, expanded and popularised by Bourdieu in the 1960s. The term is used to describe the externalisation of internality and the internalisation of externality i.e. it is a system of durable and transposable ‘dispositions’ through which an individual judges, perceives and acts in the social world (Wacquant, 2006, 2002). The author contends that These unconscious schemata are acquired through lasting exposure to particular social conditions and conditionings, via the internalization of external constraints and possibilities. This means that they are shared by people subjected to similar experiences even as each person has a unique individual variant of the common matrix (this is why individuals of like nationality, class, gender, etc., spontaneously feel â€Å"at home† with one another). It implies also that these systems of dispositions are malleable, since they inscribe into the body the evolving influence of the social milieu, but within the limits set by primary (or earlier) experiences, since it is habitus itself which at every moment filters such influence (Wacquant, 2006 p.7)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the above, it is evident that while societal realities defines the actions and perceptions of individuals, this occurs within the cognitive realm of the individual, to some extent, as the habitus tend to act as a mediator between past experiences and present situations, a reason why Bourdieu refers to it as structured, by the patterned social forces that produced it in the first place, and structuring, since it defines and gives coherence to an individual’s activities across the different segments of living (Bourdieu, 1977). This fact was adequately illustrated in the study of the peasant and his body, a study Bourdieu carried out in his childhood village of Bà ©arn (Bourdieu, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since this system of disposition acquired by individual over time and space influences perception, judgement and action, it also infers that the system of disposition acquired by an individual will depend on his position in the society. Bourdieu called this ‘capital’. He differentiated between economic capital subsuming material and financial assets; cultural capital comprising scarce symbolic goods, skills and titles; and social capital consisting of resources accrued by an individual by virtue of membership of a group. The fourth branch of capital not commonly mentioned is the symbolic capital, which is slightly different from the three mentioned above. Symbolic capital is taken to represent capital that is available to an individual on basis on honor, prestige and recognition. It is basically derived from culturally classificatory modes, a war hero, for instance, is highly regarded. However, while the other three species of capital mentioned earlier do have symbolic values, symbolic capital cannot be converted to other forms of capital. For Bourdieu, the position of any individual or institution and the disposition gathered is defined by the overall volume of capital and the composition of the capital possessed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While habitus and capital determines individual’s social knowledge, Bourdieu extends this concept further with the notion of fields. This is based on the contention that the â€Å"various spheres of life, art, science, religion, the economy, the law, politics, etc., tend to form distinct microcosms endowed with their own rules, regularities, and forms of authority† (Wacquant, 2006 p.8) making up the various ‘fields’. Field is described as ‘a structured space of positions that imposes its specific determinations upon all those who enter it’. It infers, therefore, that a field structures action and perception within from without, just as habitus defines practice from within. The field channels and directs individual actions by providing an array of options and alternatives with the associated costs and benefits, but the individual still acts within the scope of his habitus. Thus, â€Å"It takes the meeting of disposition and position, the correspondence (or disjuncture) between mental structures and social structures, to generate practice† (Bourdieu, 1989, quoted in Wacquant, 2006 p.8).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is thus clear that both Burger and Luckman, and Bourdieu adequately stressed the fact that social reality is neither the sole product of structural dictates of the society nor that of intentional pursuit of goals as canvassed in objectivism and subjectivism, but the product of the dialectical relationship of both. Again, although the work of Bourdieu extends this argument further, as can be seen in his work on class, tastes and classification (Bourdieu,1984), the whole argument still boils down to the fact that the interrelationship of structures and cognition influence man’s social knowledge, perception of objective reality and practice. Both arguments can be seen to reason along the same line, with that of Bourdieu strengthening and expanding the reach of that of Burger and Luckman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This similarity between these two approaches to social knowledge is explicitly presented in habitualization of Burger and Luckman and habitus of Bourdieu. In the former, the authors contend that as humans act, their actions and perceptions are organized into coherent patterns. For Burger and Luckman, it is through this habitualization that individuals construct social meanings, over time. Similar meanings can be deduced from Bourdieu’s habitus, which also contend that by exposure to certain societal conditions and conditioning, individuals begin to create an internal inventory of meanings that later serve as the basis of practice. Such similarities can also be extended to include Bourdieu’s concept of ‘field’ which can be likened to ‘institutions’ conceived by Burger and Luckman. Both concepts could easily be converged to mean that, while human practice is influenced internally by organized patterns of actions or perceptions, this influence is moulded by the factors prevalent in the immediate society of the individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unfortunately, similarities between both authors cannot be extended further. Burger and Luckman’s idea tend to infer that structures and actions influence action in sequence that is, individual actions are institunalized, producing the society, and henceforth, the societal structure totally influences practice. In contrast, Bourdieu deploys an arsenal of conceptual tools in explaining the relationship between structure and action. He uses capital to indicate how the social position of individual influences practice, he also extends the concept of habitus (action) and field (structure) further than the shallow meanings ascribed to these by Burger and Luckman. Unlike the later, Bourdieu could be said to effectively bridge the divide between subjectivism and objectivism, when he indicated that neither habitus nor field is capable of unilaterally determining social action, at any particular time. He argued that it takes the meeting of habitus and capital (social position), and the correspondence (or disjuncture) between mental structures and social structures to generate social action. What this means is that to explain any social event or pattern, one must inseparably dissect both the social constitution of the individual and the makeup of the particular social structure within which he operates as well as the particular conditions under which they come to encounter and impinge upon each other (Bourdieu 1989).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One can also find another evidence of Bourdieu going deeper and diverse than Burger and Luckman, in his ‘An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology’ (1992) where Bourdieu insisted that sociologist must at all times be present to the effects that their own internalized structures and meanings can have on their studies. He argued that this could distort or prejudice their objectivity (Bourdieu, 1992). Here again, it becomes apparent that Bourdieu delves deeper and provides a better understanding of social knowledge than did Burger and Luckman, although this does not take away from the fact that both authors seek to achieve the same thing: the bridging of the antimony between the subjective and objective views, with the primary differences lying in the depth and substance of each authors’ views. References Bourdieu, Pierre (2004). The Peasant and His Body. Ethnography, 5(4): 579–599. ———. (1990). Language and Symbolic Power. Edited and with an introduction by John   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thompson. ———. (1989). Social Space and Symbolic Power. Sociological Theory 7-1 (June): 18- 26 ———. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge,   Ã‚   MA: Harvard University Press. ———.   (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press. Bourdieu, Pierre and Loic Wacquant (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Berger, L.   Peter and Thomas Luckmann (1966) The Social Construction of Reality: A    Treatise its the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   pp. 51-55, 59-61. Wacquant, Loà ¯c (2006).Pierre Bourdieu. In Rob Stones (ed.). Key Contemporary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thinkers. London and New York: Macmillan. ———. (2002). The Sociological Life of Pierre Bourdieu. International Sociology, 17(4):   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   549–556.

Qualitative Research Observation, Case Studies and Interviews

Qualitative Research Observation, Case Studies and Interviews Over the decades, there have been growing interests in subjective meaning and common sense understanding of social problems. This interest is a response to the manner in which sociological research was previously conducted. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qualitative Research: Observation, Case Studies and Interviews specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the past, interviewing and lab experiments were important and although they are still important, they are no longer relevant or dominant. This method of scientific exploration raises questions and answers to the questions will be descriptive and holistic, the new method of data collection is qualitative. Although there were books on qualitative research before its usage, they only emphasized on one technique of data collection that is, participant collection. Therefore, those books could not adequately guide someone with adequate background to conduct qualitative res earch. Discussion of qualitative approach is based on phenomenological perspective meaning it collects data from the respondents view. The method introduces scholars to qualitative research as well as to techniques of conducting qualitative research. Furthermore, it describes the data collection sources to researcher and how to present data that might have been collected. Qualitative research is moreover referred to as naturalistic enquiry. The method pertains itself to the forces that are more human in nature rather than to those that are physical. This means that the type of data collected are more of individual feelings, group or individual ideas, and motives. Qualitative research is a post-positivistic perspective, holding that it is not enough to study facts without considering those who experienced those facts. Techniques employed include direct observation, case studies and key informant interviews. The techniques give descriptive data with deep insights about the people. N arrative investigation Narrative study developed as a subject within the wider field of qualitative study. It is advancement to perceptive/exploring the way groups make connotation of their lives as narratives, associated themes are story scrutiny, narratology and life inscription. Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Narrative investigation ought to be separated from storytelling in that the remark narrative entails addressees and a storyteller. Of importance to narrative investigators is not what occurred so much as what denotation did groups developed pertaining to what occurred. Narrative inquisition is a reasonably topical faction in social science qualitative study. It has been utilized as an instrument for study in the spectrum of cognitive science, governmental exploration, acquaintance premise, sociology and teaching investigation, and many more. Confirmation Conf irmation is an extent of impartiality or the level to which the respondents influence the results of an investigation and not investigator preconceived notion, inspiration, or concern. Qualitative study seems to believe that every canvasser conveys a distinctive viewpoint to the study. Confirmation talks about the level to which the outcomes could be verified or substantiated by other researchers in the field. There are several approaches of enabling conformability. The canvasser can record the methods of examining and re examining the information all through the study. Other examiners could undertake a fiend promoter position with reverence to the outcomes, and this procedure can be accepted. The canvasser can vigorously hunt for and illustrate pessimistic illustrations that challenge previous interpretations. Furthermore, an individual can perform a data review that observes the data compilation and examination methods and makes conclusions concerning the possible bias or defor mation. Bias A little bias in study occurs mainly from investigational fault and not taking seriously all of the likely variables. Other study prejudice emerges when investigators chooses topics that are more prone to producing the preferred outcomes, a turnaround of the standard procedures overriding science. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qualitative Research: Observation, Case Studies and Interviews specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Investigation prejudice is the one aspect that makes qualitative study much more reliant on familiarity and opinion than quantitative exploration. For instance, when utilizing social study focus, it is far simple to turn out to be close to a particular perspective, endangering objectivity. The major point to keep in mind pertaining to investigative bias is that, in numerous areas of study, it is inescapable. Some investigational plan procedure entails understanding the intrinsic pr ejudices and reducing the outcomes. In quantitative study, the investigator attempts to get rid of bias totally, while, in qualitative study, it is all about appreciating that it will occur.

Short, Energizing Inspirational Quotes

Short, Energizing Inspirational Quotes Its true- good things often come in small packages. And short quotes are popular among those looking for inspiration. The reason for this is fairly obvious. Short quotes make a strong impact on listeners. The messages are crisply worded, to the point, and unforgettable. These quotes leave little room for misinterpretation. Why Short Doses of Inspiration Work Like Magic Often you wake up to a not-so-glorious day. Your boss is breathing down your neck, your child is throwing a tantrum, and your mother-in-law annoys you with her valuable advice on parenting yet again. You badly want to run away from this mad world but you cant. So how do you handle the stress? There are many stress-busting solutions, from getting a relaxing massage to listening to a spiritual sermon. But some solutions may be impractical. A quick and easy way  to calm those frayed nerves is to read some inspirational quotes, particularly ones that are short and to the point. These quotes leave a lot of room for interpretation and motivate you to ponder over your actions and thoughts. Write them in a journal, on your calendar, or scribble them on sticky notes and slap them on the fridge- anywhere where their message will imprint on your brain, and turn thought into action. Here are a few from some of our most inspirational voices to help you shift your perspective, think big, and believe in yourself: Henry David Thoreau Its not what you look at that matters, its what you see.   Malcolm Forbes Failure is success if we learn from it.   Simone Weil I can, therefore I am.   Tom Peters If you’re not confused, you’re not paying attention. Lewis Carroll Everything’s got a moral, if only you can find it. George Harrison It’s all in the mind.   Josà © Saramago Chaos is merely order waiting to be deciphered.   Edmund Hillary ​It is not the mountain we conquer but ourselves. Walt Disney If you dream it, you can do it.   Michel de Montaigne ​Ambition is not a vice of little people.   Antoine de Saint-Exupery A goal without a plan is just a wish. John Muir The power of imagination makes us infinite.   Albert Einstein ​Great ideas often receive violent opposition from mediocre minds.   Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ​A clever man commits no minor blunders.   Pablo Picasso ​Everything you can imagine is real.   Marsha Norman Dreams are illustrations from the book your soul is writing about you.   John F. Kennedy ​Those who dare to fail miserably can achieve greatly.   Aristotle Hope is a waking dream.   Eleanor Roosevelt ​You must do the thing you think you cannot do. Dorothy Bernard Courage is fear that has said its prayers.   Oprah Winfrey ​Turn your wounds into wisdom.   Coco Chanel ​The most courageous act is still to think for yourself. Aloud. Ray Bradbury Life is trying things to see if they work.   Robert Frost ​The best way out is always through.   Dolly Parton Find out who you are and do it on purpose. Ralph Waldo Emerson Adopt the pace of nature. Her secret is patience.

The Strategic Position of Apple Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

The Strategic Position of Apple - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the major objective of the Apple Company has been to add a new phase of technology to the era. Apple is ranked as third in terms of producing mobile phones in a global context. The company also sells various sorts of third-party compatible products that include iPad, iPod and iPhone comprising accessories and software via retail outlets or online stores. The company thereafter sells its products to the customers as well as big or small business houses. The company has been identified to generate annual revenue of about US$ 182 billion. Moreover, the company supplies applications through App Store, iBooks Store, and iTunes Store among others. In order to enlarge and expand the business capacity, the company continued to invent as well as deliver new products with innovative specifications. Recently, Apple has launched a new handset i.e. Apple iPhone 6 or 6+ in the market with different innovative features. Apple iPhone 6 is power efficien t with HD quality display. The company provides a high quality of electronic products with efficiency. The phone undertakes certain features such as fast and unmatched wireless technology and superior quality of Wi-Fi. It gets connected to every network widely. All these factors enabled in fast accessing of iPhone 6. Apple’s strategy to enlarge its business goal is unmatched. The company develops as well as enhances its designs in relation to hardware and operating systems, application of software to add new and exclusive electronic items and accessories among others. Moreover, the factors provided the customers to utilize the products with an ease. The applications, as well as the advanced techniques present in the smartphone of the company, are identified as safe in terms of utility. This criterion attracts the customers towards the iPhones that the company has launched.

Apply the universal intellectual standards and the elements of thought Essay

Apply the universal intellectual standards and the elements of thought compare and contrast your home culture (iraqi) with US Army culture - Essay Example te management planning in Babylon and training Iraq professionals in object talks, statues and sites to pursue special line of study in Erbil institute. The High respect of Iraq is depicted through the America’s projects who are the heirs to a culture and artistic legacy revere throughout the world. The culture of army profession in U. S is about morals and ethical values. The culture is about the basic elements and fundamental foundation of the profession that is known as trust. The U.S. army cultural value includes duty, loyalty, integrity, homage, integrity, selfless service and individual bravery. These values originate from the central beliefs of American culture. These values describe the depth and substance of American character, which are anchored on the common heritage, sacrifice and history. The Army values of all soldiers are characteristically defined through duty action guide who may be on and off. Moreover, the value shapes the army as a profession, implies what is paramount and influences the daily operations of the army. This value in U.S army guides the personnel’s’ behavior and actions as the United States ambassadors when working closely with partner nations and allies. The primary and most comprehensive strategy for the army commanders before planning for war is to make a judgment to establish war on which they are embarking on; they should not mistake it for, or turn it to thoughts that are alien. Iraq assumed to have ties and support from the Al-Qaeda terrorist groups. There was also unjustified thought that they had mass destruction arsenals because of the country’s programs of nuclear weapon, chemical and biological programs. They also had long-range missile development programs too. This convinced many that Iraq had reconstituted significant capabilities. In the president’s speech before the U.N, in September 12, the year 2002, Bush requested Iraq to disclose, swear and remove all the related weapons of mass destruction and

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business Plan - Essay Example The business is expected to utilise technology as a driving force in the future development of its operations. Introduction Mini’s is a start-up bakery business that seeks to provide some of the most demanded bakery products in Chelsea. The business establishment is expected to attract the attention of the local customers through the provision of quality cupcakes and scones. The bakery is driven by the need to provide quality products and it is aspired that a strong market position will be built in the first six months of operations. It is expected that such position will be facilitated by the wide experience of the proprietor in this business and the seemingly low competition in the area. As such, Mini’s Bakery seeks to offer its products at the most competitive prices in the industry and will target both the low and middle income earners as well as tourists. The business The business will be established as a sole proprietorship with the owner having responsibility for operations with the assistance of employees. The sole proprietor has wide experience in both business management and bakery affairs and is therefore well suited to manage the affairs of the business as it seeks to establish a strong presence in the area. For a start, the proprietor will hire three full time bakers who are well versed in all types of breads and cakes in addition to seven other staff who shall handle the other operations within the business. The products to be offered will initially comprise of cupcakes and scones but new products will gradually be added to the line in response to market demand. In order to increase its turnover, the business will engage in both wholesale and retail business and will therefore sell directly to the consumers in addition to other retailers. The keys to a successful operation are quality products and competitive pricing (Finell, 2007, pp.45). Market The market for bakery products is booming in the Chelsea area. Across the country, the m arket for scones and other types of cakes has been increasing steadily, thus providing the perfect opportunity for the business to grow its market share effectively. The increased demand for these products has been necessitated by an increase in the consumption of hot beverages. The focus of Mini’s bakery is to establish a large customer base which will ensure its success. In this regard, an effective marketing campaign will be launched in the area in order to make the residents acquainted with our products (Park, 2006, pp.23). The residents in the locality will be the initial target market. In any case, the major focus of the proprietor is to establish a steady source of revenue for the business in order to ensure its stability. The area is normally frequented by tourists and it is expected that revenue from tourists will comprise approximately 30% of total revenue. Success is dependent on the production of quality products accompanied by good hospitality (Brown, 2004, pp.56 -7). Financial consideration A total of ?200, 000 will be needed for the start-up operations of which ?160,000 will come from the personal savings of the sole proprietor. The rest of the capital will be borrowed from the bank and is payable over a five year period. It is hoped that this money will be sufficient to buy the initial machinery and equipment as well as provide working capital. It is anticipated

The Youngs modulus of the copper wire Essay Example for Free

The Youngs modulus of the copper wire Essay Therefore, having done the preliminary, I think that my predictions lie on the correct lines. It is best to use a thin wire, because a thick wire would not stretch as much for the same force, but I have to consider safety, because the wire snaps and because it is under tension, it whips back and can cause some damage if the student falls in contact with it. Therefore, under these circumstances, it is necessary to wear safety goggles. If we are using a thick wire, you will find that we will be adding a large load. If the wire snaps, the same hazards would take place as mentioned above but, the weight dropping to the floor will cause damage to the toes etc, if the weight falls on the foot, so keep a safe distance as soon as the extra load is added. DO NOT ADD THE WEIGHTS QUICKLY AS THE WIRE IS SENSITIVE WHEN THERE IS ALREADY A LARGE FORCE APPLIED ON IT. The vernier scale is sensitive, so we have to pay particular attention to how much force we apply, because the maximum extension, which can be read, depends on the size of the scale. Due to the increase in the average cross-sectional area, which affects the extension in the wire, we need to increase the accuracy of the readings by taking repeats, using different wire of the same diameter, and again take measurements of the diameter, with use of the micrometer. This increases the reliability of the results and hence the Youngs modulus of the copper wire. The vernier scale method is much more accurate than the clamp and pulley method, which could have been used as well, but as we are aiming for accuracy it is best to use the vernier scale method. The experiment is to be conducted under room temperature, because the temperature of the wire whether cold or hot reduces the accuracy of the results, the wire stretches more under warm conditions because the wire is less stiff than if it was in cold or even room temperature of 23 oC. I will have to take account of possible errors, such as the zero error in equipment, and other random and systematic errors, which can occur. I will try to avoid making the parallax errors, (the error which occurs when the eye is not placed directly opposite a scale when a reading is being taken). This can be made on reading off a ruler. The reading errors (the error due to the guess work involved in taking a reading from a scale when reading lies between the scale divisions, and the zero error (the error which occurs when a measuring instrument does not indicate zero when it should), which can be possible on the vernier scale. If the zero error happens, then I will adjust the instrument to read zero or the inaccurate zero reading should be taken and should be added or subtracted from any other reading taken. Sometimes the metre rules have worn edges and so I will measure from 10cm instead of 0cm. As the wire is stretched, the diameter of the copper wire decreases, we get plastic deformation before it snaps, for example if we look at a copper rod as a large scale to the thin wire you can see from the below that the copper rod necked before it broke. This happens because metals like copper, (above) are ductile- they can have large plastic deformations without fracturing. It happens because atoms move, as the plastic deformation in the crystal structure move, to place of lower stress. The copper becomes thinner when atoms move away from the stressed part. The stress then increases because the cross-sectional area is now decreased. This increases the ductile flow and so the metal yields and gets thinner and thinner. Once plastic deformation starts, atoms will continue to flow without any increase in stress. This stretching under a constant load is called creep. The thinning of a wire/rod is called necking. There is also the problem that the kg masses may not weigh the given value, there is a small chance that this would be inaccurate, the only way to find out is by weighing the mass using a electronic scale, which is accurate to 0. 001g. Bibliography Physics For You By Keith Johnson Dictionary of Science By C. Stockley Simmone Hewett C. Oxlade Sue Holt J. Weitheim John Miller Physics 1 By David Sang Keith Gibbs Robert Hutchings Science Desk Reference By Patricia barnes-Svarney www. s-cool. co. uk www. allmeasures. com Encarta 2002 AS Physics Assessed Practical (Skill P) Elasticity of a Copper wire By Priyesh Patel 12O 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.